Anti-inflammatory Agents

10. Mar, 2011 2 Comments

Inflammatory Response

Protects the body from injury and pathogens
Uses chemical mediators to produce the reaction that helps destroy pathogens and promote healing

Corticosteroids: used systemically to block the inflammatory and immune systems
Antihistamines: block the release of histamine in the initiation of the inflammatory response

Aspirin (Bayer,etc.): treats inflammatory conditions
Balsalazide (Colazal): new drug that treats ulcerative colitis
Choline magnesium trisalicylate (Trilisate): treats mild pain and fevers as well as arthritis
Choline salicylate (Arthropan): treats mild pain and fevers as well as arthritis
Mesalamine (Pentasa, etc.): treats inflammation of the large intestine
Olsalazine (Dipentum): converted to mesalamine in the colon; has the same direct anti-inflammatory effects
Salsalate (Argesic, etc.): treats pain, fever, and inflammation
Sodium thiosalicylate (Rexolate): treats episodes of acute gout and muscular pain as well as rheumatic fever

Action/indication
- Inhibit synthesis of prostaglandin; used to treat mild to moderate pain and fever
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorbed from the stomach, peak in 5 to 30 min., metabolized in the liver, and excreted in the urine
Contraindications
- Known allergy, bleeding abnormalities, and impaired renal function
Drug-to-drug interactions
- Interact with other drugs by interfering with absorption

GI irritation
- Nausea, dyspepsia, and heartburn
Clotting system
- Blood loss and bleeding abnormalities
Eighth cranial nerve stimulation
Salicylism
- Ringing in the ears
- Acidosis
- Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
- Mental confusion and lassitude

Action/indications
- Acts directly on the thermoregulatory cells of the hypothalamus
- Mechanism of action related to analgesic effects is not certain
- Used to treat pain and fever
  - Treatment of pain and fever associated with a variety of conditions, including influenza
  - Prophylaxis of children receiving diphtheria–pertussis–tetanus (DPT) immunizations
  - Relief of musculoskeletal pain associated with arthritis
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorbed from the GI tract
- Peaks in ½ to 2 hours
- Metabolized in the liver
- Excreted in the urine
- T½ is about 2 hours
Contraindications
- Known allergy
- Use with caution in pregnancy and lactation
Adverse reactions
- - Headache, hemolytic anemia, renal dysfunction, skin rash, fever, and hepatotoxicity
- Drug-to-drug interactions
  - Oral anticoagulants increase bleeding

Action
- Absorbed by macrophages, which results in inhibition of phagocytosis
Indication
- Tissue destruction is decreased
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption varies based on the site of administration
- Widely distributed throughout the body
Contraindications
- - Known allergy
  - Diabetes, CHF, and renal or hepatic impairment
- Adverse reactions
  - Stomatitis, glossitis, gingivitis, bone marrow depression, and dermatitis
- Drug-to-drug interactions
  - Penicillamine, antimalarials, cytotoxic drugs, and immunosuppressive agents